However, the comprehensive investigation (considering both direct and indirect impacts) of the utilization of wind power on atmosphere environmental impacts remains vacant
———–
Circa 12 chilometri a nord del parco eolico di Huitengliang a Xilinhot, nella Mongolia Interna, il pastore Siqinbateer ha osservato uno strano fenomeno nel suo pascolo che sconcerta persino i meteorologi.
“Il terreno si riscalda rapidamente, come una padella su un fornello, il vento soffia come una mosca senza testa e non cade una sola goccia di pioggia”, ha detto, ad agosto, durante la stagione delle piogge. Indicò le pale rotanti delle turbine eoliche all’orizzonte. “Questo avvenimento è iniziato dopo che sono arrivati.”
Non è solo la superstizione di un pastore o il suo disgusto per la tecnologia moderna. L’affermazione di Siqinbateer è supportata dalle statistiche del governo.
South Cina Morning Post – 25-11-2010
Are wind farms changing the weather?
https://www.scmp.com/article/731506/are-wind-farms-changing-weather
—————-
In altre parole, resta da vedere se lo sviluppo concentrato su larga scala dell’energia eolica cambierà l’ambiente ecologico e climatico esistente
e avrà effetti negativi sulla vita umana. Questi aspetti sono diventati una delle principali preoccupazioni per gli accademici in patria e all’estero, nonché per i policy makers.
È fondamentale studiare questo argomento se la Cina desidera garantire uno sviluppo sostenibile e lo sfruttamento delle energie rinnovabili.
Zhu Rong, Shi Wenhui, Wang Yang, Wang Weisheng, Huang Qili
Strategic Study of Chinese Academy of Engineering
2018, Volume 20, Issue 3, Pages 39-43
Research Suggestions for Ecological and Climatic Environmental Effects of Wind Power Development in China
http://www.engineering.org.cn/en/10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.03.006
—————–
Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials
Nature . Scientific Reports
|
The large-size of wind farms and their proximity affect not only the performance of its downwind turbines but also that of neighboring downwind farms, reducing the capacity factor by 20% or more, which increases energy production costs and economic losses. We conclude that wind energy can be a limited resource in the North Sea. The limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in climate mitigation strategies and cross-national optimization of offshore energy production plans are inevitable.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91283-3
—————–
Are wind farms slowing each other down?
Science Daily, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon – June 3, 2021
Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials
https://publications.hereon.de/id/40175/
—————–
Con l’attuale espansione dell’energia eolica come fonte di energia rinnovabile, le turbine eoliche estraggono sempre più energia cinetica dall’atmosfera, influenzando così la sua
risorsa energetica.
Ciò limita i tipici potenziali energetici su larga scala a meno di 1 W per m2 di superficie per i parchi eolici con lunghezze sottovento di più
di 100 km
…espressioni analitiche di come le velocità del vento e le rese energetiche si riducono con il crescente dispiegamento di turbine eoliche in una regione.
Rispetto ad un caso di riferimento senza l’effetto di velocità del vento ridotte, i rendimenti
possono diminuire di oltre il 50 % a scale superiori a 100 km, in funzione della
spaziatura delle turbine e delle condizioni del vento della
regione
The Kinetic Energy Budget of the Atmosphere (KEBA) model 1.0:
a simple yet physical approach for estimating regional wind
energy resource potentials that includes the kinetic
energy removal effect by wind turbines
Axel Kleidon1 and Lee M. Miller2
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4993–5005, 2020
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4993-2020
——————-
L’uso di turbine eoliche per soddisfare il 10% o più della domanda globale di energia nel 2100, potrebbe causare un riscaldamento della superficie superiore a 1 °C sulle installazioni terrestri.
Potential climatic impacts and reliability of very large-scale wind farms
- Wang and R. G. Prinn
Center for Global Change Science and Joint Program of the Science and Policy of Global Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2053–2061, 2010
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2053-2010
———————
Per un cambiamento di ruvidità imposto (nda.: da aerogeneratori) sul Nord America, le perturbazioni indotte comportano cambiamenti sostanziali
nel percorso e nello sviluppo dei cicloni sul Nord Atlantico e l’entità delle perturbazioni supera il livello di incertezza previsto.
Barrie, D. B. and Kirk-Davidoff, D. B.: Weather response to a large wind turbine array, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 769–775, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-769-2010, 2010
———————-
Cambiamenti di temperatura si verificano nella vicinanza dei parchi eolici e simulazioni anteriori hanno suggerito che i parchi eolici di grandi dimensioni potrebbero alterare il clima regionale.
Tuttavia, non disponiamo di valutazioni degli effetti di scenari realistici di sviluppo dell’energia eolica alla scala di un continente.
Vautard, R. et al. Regional climate model simulations indicate limited climatic impacts by operational and planned European wind farms. Nat. Commun. 5:3196 doi: 10.1038/ncomms4196 (2014).
——————–
Il deficit medio, che diminuisce con la distanza, può estendersi di 35–40 km sottovento durante i venti prevalenti da sud-ovest
Le grandi dimensioni dei parchi eolici e la loro vicinanza influiscono non solo sulle prestazioni delle sue turbine eoliche, ma anche su quelle
dei parchi eolici vicini, riducendo il fattore di capacità del 20% o più, il che aumenta i costi di produzione dell’energia
e perdite economiche. Concludiamo che l’energia eolica può essere una risorsa limitata nel Mare del Nord. I limiti e le potenzialità
per l’ottimizzazione devono essere presi in considerazione nelle strategie di mitigazione del clima e nell’ottimizzazione transnazionale dell’energia offshore
i piani di produzione sono inevitabili.
Akhtar, N., Geyer, B., Rockel, B., Sommer, P., Schrum, C. – 2021 Scientific Reports Volume:11 Issue:1 Pages:11826 Springer Nature , London
Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials
————————-
Climate models can explicitly simulate these effects (6–8) and yield a 10-fold reduction of the expected large-scale electricity generation rate from 3 to 5 We m−2 reported in studies using
observed wind speeds (3–5, 9, 10) down to 0.3–0.5 We m−2 reported in climate model studies (6–8), with about 1.0 We m−2 possible in more windy regions like the US Midwest (6, 8, 11–13).
wind power should not plan for installed capacities that are much above 0.3 MWi km−2 over areas larger than 10,000 km2.
(Traduzione: I modelli climatici possono simulare esplicitamente questi effetti (6–8) e produrre una riduzione di 10 volte del tasso di generazione di elettricità su larga scala previsto, da 3 a 5 We m−2 riportato in studi che utilizzano
velocità del vento osservate (3–5, 9, 10) fino a 0,3–0,5 We m-2 riportate negli studi sui modelli climatici (6–8), con circa 1,0 We m-2 possibili in regioni più ventose come il Midwest degli Stati Uniti (6 , 8, 11–13).
…la futura espansione dell’energia eolica non dovrebbe prevedere capacità installate molto al di sopra di 0,3 MWi km−2 su aree superiori a 10.000 km2)
Lee M. Miller lmiller@seas.harvard.edu and Axel Kleidon
Wind speed reductions by large-scale wind turbine deployments lower turbine efficiencies and set low generation limits
Edited by Kerry A. Emanuel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and approved September 23, 2016 (received for review February 9, 2016)
November 14, 2016
113 (48) 13570-13575
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602253113
————————-
Importante articolo sulla questione tedesca:
https://eike-klima-energie.eu/2022/07/24/terrestrial-stilling-ts/
————
https://physics.aps.org/articles/v15/58
The Answer is Blowing in the Turbine
April 21, 2022• Physics 15, 58
Wind turbines have the potential to generate all the world’s electricity once researchers answer open questions on how these towering structures interact with the atmosphere.
“If we can get high-resolution data and couple it to models, then we could really understand what’s going on,” Lackner says.
————-
https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1408251112
Two methods for estimating limits to large-scale wind power generation
Lee M. Miller lmiller@bgc-jena.mpg.de, Nathaniel A. Brunsell, David B. Mechem, +4, and Axel KleidonAuthors Info & Affiliations
Edited* by Christopher J. R. Garrett, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, and approved June 25, 2015 (received for review May 6, 2014)
August 24, 2015
112 (36) 11169-11174
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408251112
Our results show that the reduction of wind speeds and limited downward fluxes determine the limits in large-scale wind power generation to less than 1 W⋅m−2.
———-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S254243511830446X
Climatic Impacts of Wind Power
Lee M.Miller13David W.Keith12
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Received 4 May 2018, Revised 16 August 2018, Accepted 13 September 2018, Available online 4 October 2018, Version of Record 19 December 2018.
Published: October 4, 2018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.09.009
Wind power can impact the climate by altering the atmospheric boundary layer, with at least 40 papers and 10 observational studies now linking wind power to climatic impacts… We offer policy-relevant comparisons: wind’s climatic impacts are about 10 times larger than solar photovoltaic systems per unit energy generated.
———–
Wind farm and solar park effects on plant–soil carbon cycling: uncertain impacts of changes in ground-level microclimate
Alona Armstrong,Susan Waldron,Jeanette Whitaker,Nicholas J. Ostle
First published: 16 October 2013
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12437
In addition, large-scale modelling predicts that rainfall could be enhanced by wind farms due to reduced movement of drier air (Fiedler & Bukovsky, 2011), and the LBR-induced changes in temperature and surface heat fluxes could result in a global redistribution of cloud cover and precipitation patterns (Wang & Prinn, 2010).
———–
Potential climatic impacts and reliability of very large-scale wind farms
By: Wang, C. (Wang, C.) ; Prinn, R. G. (Prinn, R. G.)
View Web of Science ResearcherID and ORCID
(provided by Clarivate)
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
Volume 10,Issue 4,Page 2053-2061
DOI 10.5194/acp-10-2053-2010 – Published 2010
Using wind turbines to meet 10% or more of global energy demand in 2100, could cause surface warming exceeding 1 degrees C over land installations. In contrast, surface cooling exceeding 1 degrees C is computed over ocean installations, but the validity of simulating the impacts of wind turbines by simply increasing the ocean surface drag needs further study. Significant warming or cooling remote from both the land and ocean installations, and alterations of the global distributions of rainfall and clouds also occur.
————-
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91283-3
Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials
Naveed Akhtar, Beate Geyer, Burkhardt Rockel, Philipp S. Somme & Corinna Schrum
Scientific Reports 11, Article number: 11826 (2021)
The limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in climate mitigation strategies and cross-national optimization of offshore energy production plans are inevitable.
————
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S135223102200139X
Impacts of large-scale deployment of mountainous wind farms on wintertime regional air quality in the Beijing-Tian-Hebei area
ZiwenRuanacXiLuabcShuxiaoWangacJiaXingacWeiWangdDanCheneChris P.NielsenfYongLuogKebinHeabcJimingHaoac
Received 14 November 2021, Revised 14 March 2022, Accepted 19 March 2022, Available online 23 March 2022, Version of Record 1 April 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119074
However, the comprehensive investigation (considering both direct and indirect impacts) of the utilization of wind power on atmosphere environmental impacts remains vacant.
————–
Spatial constraints in large-scale expansion of wind power plants
Enrico G. A. Antonini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5573-0954 eantonini@carnegiescience.edu and Ken Caldeira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4591-643XAuthors Info & Affiliations
Edited by Alexis T. Bell, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved May 26, 2021 (received for review February 25, 2021)
June 28, 2021 – 118 (27) e2103875118
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103875118
—————
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969722063926
Wind farms dry surface soil in temporal and spatial variation
GangWangabGuoqingLiaZheLiua
Received 23 April 2022, Revised 3 October 2022, Accepted 3 October 2022, Available online 6 October 2022, Version of Record 17 October 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159293
Our research shows that the operation of wind turbines will cause significant drying of soil, and this drought effect differs significantly according to season and wind direction.
———–
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258686379_Impacts_of_wind_farms_on_land_surface_temperature
Our results show a significant warming trend of up to 0.72°C per decade, particularly at night-time, over wind farms relative to nearby non-wind-farm regions
————–